Resources
Climate Science Basics
The foundation of climate change science is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Established in 1988 by two bodies of the United Nations (UN): the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN's Environment Program the United Nations, the IPCC is the world's leading authority on climate change. The IPCC objectively and openly assesses scientific information to understand the risk of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.
The IPCC meets regularly to provide independent assessments and advice on climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and reduction. The IPCC forms its assessments from existing information, and does not conduct original research.
To date, four Assessment Reports have been published, the most recent report was published in 2007. There are three parts of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report including:
- Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis" identifies the drivers, observations, and future projections of climate change.
- Working Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" identifies observed and predicted impacts of climate change.
- Working Group III Report "Mitigation of Climate Change" focuses on the mitigation - reducing greenhouse gases.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Change Site offers comprehensive information on the issue of climate change in a way that is accessible and meaningful to all parts of society - communities, individuals, business, states and localities, and governments.
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a comprehensive website that details how it is helping society understand, plan for, and respond to climate variability and change. This is achieved through the development and delivery of climate information services, the implementation of a global observing system, and focused research and modeling to understand key climate processes. The NOAA climate mission is an end-to-end endeavor focused on providing a predictive understanding of the global climate system so the public can incorporate the information and products into their decisions.
NOAA is a key participating agency in the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) as well as other significant international, national, and regional activities.
NOAA's climate programs are focused on three themes:
- Climate Observations and Monitoring to describe and understand the state of the climate system through integrated observations, monitoring, data stewardship;
- Climate Research and Modeling to understand and predict climate variability and change in timeframes ranging from weeks to a century; and
- Climate Information Services to improve the ability of society to plan and respond to climate variability and climate change.
NOAA's operational climate program monitors and forecasts short-term climate fluctuations and provides information on the effects climate patterns can have on the nation.
NOAA's Climate Program Office manages competitive grant programs, leads NOAA climate international, education and outreach activities, and coordinates climate activities across NOAA.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) plays an important role in weather and climate observation and monitoring, understanding of climate processes, the development of clear, precise and user-targeted information and predictions and the provision of sector-specific climate services, including advice, tools and expertise, to meet the needs of adaptation strategies and decision-making. The following are some useful WMO and climate change resources:
- Climate information for adaptation and development needs
- Role of WMO and NMHSs in Nairobi Work Programme
- The Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
- WMO's role in global climate change issues
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has a number of useful resources and information on climate issues.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty that considers what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable. Recently, a number of nations have approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful (and legally binding) measures. The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions involved in the climate change process, particularly the COP, the subsidiary bodies and their Bureau.
- Their website contains numerous resources -- for beginners or experts -- such as introductory and in-depth publications, the official UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol texts and a search engine to the UNFCCC library.
- UNFCCC "Compendium of methods and tools to evaluate impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change"
Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system
Published online before print February 7, 2008, 10.1073/pnas.0705414105
PNAS | February 12, 2008 | vol. 105 | no. 6 | 1786-1793
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Timothy M. Lenton*,†, Hermann Held‡, Elmar Kriegler‡,§, Jim W. Hall¶, Wolfgang Lucht‡, Stefan Rahmstorf‡, and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber†,‡,||,**
*School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; ‡Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; §Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890; ¶School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; and ||Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University, and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
Edited by William C. Clark, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved November 21, 2007 (received for review June 8, 2007)
The term "tipping point" commonly refers to a critical threshold at which a tiny perturbation can qualitatively alter the state or development of a system. Here we introduce the term "tipping element" to describe large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point. We critically evaluate potential policy-relevant tipping elements in the climate system under anthropogenic forcing, drawing on the pertinent literature and a recent international workshop to compile a short list, and we assess where their tipping points lie. An expert elicitation is used to help rank their sensitivity to global warming and the uncertainty about the underlying physical mechanisms. Then we explain how, in principle, early warning systems could be established to detect the proximity of some tipping points.
WWF Climate Change Resources:
WWF's international website on How Global Warming and Climate Change work
Impacts:
Information on Changes in weather and climate and WWF's report, "Extreme Weather: Does Nature Keep Up?"
- Temperature rises and extreme weather
- Floods and droughts
- Hurricanes and typhoons
- The Gulf Stream
- El Niño and La Niña
General climate impacts information
Information on Impacts to Nature
Species
- Polar Bears - WWF publications, "Vanishing Kingdom: The Melting Realm of the Polar Bear" and "Polar Bears at Risk"
- Turtles
- Pikas
- Birds (e.g., Penguins)
- Whales
- Fish
Habitats
- WWF publication, "Habitats at Risk: Global Warming and Species Loss in Globally Significant Terrestrial Ecosystems" and "No Place to Hide: Effects of Climate Change on Protected Areas"
- Glaciers at risk, WWF publications, "WWF brochure on glacier decline" and "Himalaya glaciers 2005"
- Coral bleaching and WWF's report on "Coral Bleaching and Marine Protected Areas"
- Sea level rise
- Impacts to the Amazon, including the WWF report, "The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse"
- Impacts in East Africa: WWF's publications, "Climate Change Impacts on East Africa: A Review of Scientific Literature" and "Impact of Climate Change on Life in Africa"
- Impacts in Indonesia, WWF's report "Indonesia at risk: Climate change threatens people and nature"
- Impacts in Asia, WWF's report, "Climate Change Impact on APEC Countries"
- "Securing Protected Areas in the Face of Global Change: Issues and Strategies" Edited by Charles Victor Barber, Kenton R. Miller and Melissa Boness, Kenton R. Miller, Project Director
- Biodiversity-Climate interactions: adaptation, mitigation and human livelihoods Report of an international meeting held at the Royal Society 12-13 June 2007
Adaptation:
Climate resilience, also known as adaptation, refers to the ability of ecosystems to withstand the effects of climate change. In order to protect ecosystems and natural resources we must also work with communities to prepare for climate change. This is necessary because the vulnerabilities of communities and ecosystems are intrinsically linked, just as is their resilience potential. Below are some of climate adaptation resources:
- BUYING TIME: A User's Manual for Building Resistance and Resilience to Climate Change in Natural Systems - This publication is meant for Conservationists and Protected Areas Managers. It gives detailed information about assessing occurring and possible damage from climate change and fending off the damage - buying time for our protected areas while the world works out the only long-term solution - reducing CO2 emissions. Download each chapter individually - (see links to the right) or download the complete manual.
- Defending Nature Against Climate Change report on adapting conservation in WWF's priority regions - a project list from Climate Camp 2005
- Global overview and descriptions of current WWF Adaptation projects
- Community Based Adaptation Exchange. A collection of case histories and lessons learned focused on community-based climate change adaptation projects, tools, and practice.
- UK Climate Impacts Programme Adaptation Wizard. A web-based tool designed to take users through the process of developing an adaptation plan.
- World Resources Institute analysis of 135 climate change adaptation projects world-wide.
- Adapting to Climate Variability and Change. A Guidance Manual for Development Planning. Geared towards development rather than biodiversity.
- The Tyndall Centre's publications
- The UNEP-GEF Adaptation Policy Framework
- Climate Adaptation links
Solutions:
WWF is working to stop climate change by providing cutting-edge science, championing policies to reduce carbon emissions and mobilizing businesses to drive new and innovative solutions. With a team of dedicated experts working in more than 50 countries, we are focusing our efforts on four areas where we can have the most impact:
- Creating Responsible Global Warming Policies
- Working with Businesses to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Implementing Adaptation Plans for High Risk Communities
- Protecting Forests That Help Mitigate Climate Change
Climate Solutions: WWF's Vision for 2050
Brochure: Facing the new climate - How WWF helps curb global warming
WWF/Allianz Group Report - Climate Change and Insurance: An Agenda for Action in the United States
Climate Education:
WWF's resources, "What you can do about global warming"
WWF Climate Change Curriculum for Teachers
Witnessing Climate Change:
Climate Witness is WWF's initiative that documents the direct experiences of people who are witnessing the impacts of climate change on their local environment.